Life cycle phases: Literature review and new classification proposal for application in healthcare.

INTRODUCTION: Although uncommon in dentistry, the concept of the life cycle holds great importance for dental professionals in identifying crucial intervention opportunities and determining the optimal timing for treatments and procedures. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a review of the literature on life cycle classifications and their distinct phases, evaluating their applicability in healthcare. METHODS: A literature review was performed, searching for articles in PubMed, SciELO, National Health Library (BvB), and Google Scholar databases, as well as relevant books. The keywords "life cycle," "life stages," "human development," "age groups," and "biological age" were used. Relevant articles were selected by analyzing their titles and abstracts, and read in full to confirm their inclusion in the research. RESULTS: Nine distinct life cycle classifications were found, each with unique criteria. CONCLUSION: Based on the comprehensive literature review, a novel classification was proposed (The 10-phase Life Cycle), which encompasses dental, growth, physiological aging, sociocultural, and behavioral characteristics, aiming to enhance communication among healthcare professionals, particularly those engaged in the growth, development, and aging processes of human beings.

Obstructive sleep apnea: a review for the orthodontist.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects an important part of the population and is characterized by recurrent total or partial obstruction of the upper airway (UA) during sleep, negatively affecting the quality of life of patients in the short and long terms, and constituting an important public health problem for the society. The field of expertise of orthodontists is closely related to the UA, placing them in a strategic position to diagnose air passage failures and intervene when necessary. Orthodontists, as health professionals, must know how to recognize respiratory problems and manage them appropriately, when indicated. OBJECTIVE: Thus, this paper aims to review and critically evaluate the related literature, to provide orthodontists with updated knowledge on the diagnosis and therapy related to OSA. Science and technology are constantly evolving; thus, the literature was also reviewed considering new technologies available in consumer-targeted applications and devices for the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing.

Obstructive sleep apnea: a review for the orthodontist

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects an important part of the population and is characterized by recurrent total or partial obstruction of the upper airway (UA) during sleep, negatively affecting the quality of life of patients in the short and long terms, and constituting an important public health problem for the society. The field of expertise of orthodontists is closely related to the UA, placing them in a strategic position to diagnose air passage failures and intervene when necessary. Orthodontists, as health professionals, must know how to recognize respiratory problems and manage them appropriately, when indicated. Objective: Thus, this paper aims to review and critically evaluate the related literature, to provide orthodontists with updated knowledge on the diagnosis and therapy related to OSA. Science and technology are constantly evolving; thus, the literature was also reviewed considering new technologies available in consumer-targeted applications and devices for the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing.

RESUMO Introdução: A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) afeta uma importante parcela da população e caracteriza-se pela obstrução total ou parcial recorrente da via aérea superior (VAS) durante o sono, o que afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes no curto prazo e no longo prazo, e constitui importante problema de saúde pública para a sociedade. A área de atuação do ortodontista está em íntima relação com a VAS, o que o coloca em uma posição estratégica para diagnosticar falhas na passagem de ar e intervir quando necessário. É imperativo que o ortodontista, como profissional da saúde, saiba reconhecer problemas respiratórios e manejá-los de maneira apropriada, quando indicado. Objetivo: O objetivo desse artigo é revisar e avaliar criticamente a literatura pertinente, para proporcionar ao ortodontista conhecimento atualizado sobre o diagnóstico e terapêutica relacionados à AOS. Ciência e tecnologia estão em constante evolução; portanto, a literatura também foi revisada considerando as novas tecnologias disponíveis em aplicativos e dispositivos direcionados aos consumidores para o diagnóstico, monitoramento e tratamento dos distúrbios respiratórios do sono.

Life cycle phases: Literature review and new classification proposal for application in healthcare

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although uncommon in dentistry, the concept of the life cycle holds great importance for dental professionals in identifying crucial intervention opportunities and determining the optimal timing for treatments and procedures. Objective: To carry out a review of the literature on life cycle classifications and their distinct phases, evaluating their applicability in healthcare. Methods: A literature review was performed, searching for articles in PubMed, SciELO, National Health Library (BvB), and Google Scholar databases, as well as relevant books. The keywords "life cycle," "life stages," "human development," "age groups," and "biological age" were used. Relevant articles were selected by analyzing their titles and abstracts, and read in full to confirm their inclusion in the research. Results: Nine distinct life cycle classifications were found, each with unique criteria. Conclusion: Based on the comprehensive literature review, a novel classification was proposed (The 10-phase Life Cycle), which encompasses dental, growth, physiological aging, sociocultural, and behavioral characteristics, aiming to enhance communication among healthcare professionals, particularly those engaged in the growth, development, and aging processes of human beings.

RESUMO Introdução: Embora incomum na Odontologia, o conceito de ciclo vital é de grande importância para ajudar os profissionais dessa área a identificar oportunidades cruciais para intervenções e para determinar o momento ideal para tratamentos e procedimentos. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre as classificações do ciclo vital e suas distintas fases, avaliando sua aplicabilidade na área da saúde. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, buscando artigos nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, Biblioteca Nacional de Saúde (BvB) e Google Acadêmico; além de livros relevantes. Foram utilizadas as palavras-chave "ciclo vital", "estágios de vida", "desenvolvimento humano", "faixas etárias" e "idade biológica". Os artigos relevantes foram selecionados por meio da análise de seus títulos e resumos e lidos na íntegra para confirmar sua inclusão na pesquisa. Resultados: Nove classificações distintas de ciclo vital foram encontradas, cada uma com critérios únicos. Conclusão: Com base nessa revisão abrangente da literatura, é proposta uma nova classificação (o ciclo vital de 10 fases) que engloba características dentárias, de crescimento, envelhecimento fisiológico, socioculturais e comportamentais, com o objetivo de melhorar a comunicação entre os profissionais da área de saúde, particularmente aqueles envolvidos nos processos de crescimento, desenvolvimento e envelhecimento do ser humano.

Impact of cigarette smoke on osteogenic and osteoclast signaling in middle palatal suture.

Considering that smoking is a public health problem that has been growing among adolescents, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of cigarette smoke on osteogenic and osteoclastogenic signaling in middle palatal suture of rats. Male Wistar rats exposed (n = 30) or not to cigarette smoke (n = 30) were used. Exposure to smoke was carried out for two daily periods of 3 minutes each, with an interval of 12 hours between exposures. After the experimental periods of 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, the animals were euthanized. The collected tissues were analyzed using light microscopy and real-time RT-PCR was performed to investigate gene expression. The data obtained were compared using the Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests (⍺ = 5%). Morphologically, there were no significant changes in the middle palatal suture of rats exposed or not to cigarette smoke during 3, 7, 14 and 21 days (p> 0.05). On the other hand, osteoclastogenic signaling was increased in animals exposed to smoke and was characterized by a higher production of RANKL at 3 and 14 days (p <0.05), with no change in the synthesis of RANK and osteoprotegerin (p> 0.05). Interestingly, in the exposed animals, an early increase in the synthesis of osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein and osteopontin was also identified at 3 days of exposure (p <0.05), not sustained over time (p> 0.05). Cigarette smoke modulates osteogenic and osteoclastogenic signaling in the middle palatal suture of young rats, although morphological changes have not been evidenced.

Impact of cigarette smoke on osteogenic and osteoclast signaling in middle palatal suture

Abstract Considering that smoking is a public health problem that has been growing among adolescents, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of cigarette smoke on osteogenic and osteoclastogenic signaling in middle palatal suture of rats. Male Wistar rats exposed (n = 30) or not to cigarette smoke (n = 30) were used. Exposure to smoke was carried out for two daily periods of 3 minutes each, with an interval of 12 hours between exposures. After the experimental periods of 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, the animals were euthanized. The collected tissues were analyzed using light microscopy and real-time RT-PCR was performed to investigate gene expression. The data obtained were compared using the Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests (⍺ = 5%). Morphologically, there were no significant changes in the middle palatal suture of rats exposed or not to cigarette smoke during 3, 7, 14 and 21 days (p> 0.05). On the other hand, osteoclastogenic signaling was increased in animals exposed to smoke and was characterized by a higher production of RANKL at 3 and 14 days (p <0.05), with no change in the synthesis of RANK and osteoprotegerin (p> 0.05). Interestingly, in the exposed animals, an early increase in the synthesis of osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein and osteopontin was also identified at 3 days of exposure (p <0.05), not sustained over time (p> 0.05). Cigarette smoke modulates osteogenic and osteoclastogenic signaling in the middle palatal suture of young rats, although morphological changes have not been evidenced.

Resumo Considerando que a fumaça de cigarro é um problema de saúde pública que está crescendo entre os adolescentes, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o impacto da fumaça de cigarro na sinalização osteogênica e osteoclastogênica da sutura palatina mediana de ratos. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos expostos (n=30) e não expostos à fumaça de cigarro (n=30). A exposição à fumaça de cigarro foi realizada duas vezes ao dia por 3 minutos, com um intervalo de 12 horas entre as exposições. Os animais foram mortos após o período experimental de 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias. Os tecidos coletados foram analisados em microscópico de luz e pelo RT-PCR em tempo real foi realizado para investigar a expressão gênica. s dados obtidos foram comparados usando o testes de Kruskal Wallis e Dunn (⍺ = 5%). Morfoligicamente, não houve mudança significativa na sutura palatina mediana nos ratos expostos ou não à fumaça de cigarro durante os tempo de 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias (p> 0.05). Por outro lado, a sinalização osteogênica esta aumentada nos animais expostos à fumaça e foi caracterizado por um aumento da produção de RANKL aos 3 e 14 dias (p <0.05), sem mudança na síntese da produção de RANK e osteoprotegerina (p> 0.05). Curiosamente, nos animais expostos, também foi observado um aumento precoce da síntese de osteocalcina, sialoproteína óssea e de osteopontina aos 3 dias de exposição, o que não foi mantido ao longo do tempo. A fumaça de cigarro modula a sinalização osteogênica e osteoclastogênica na sutura palatina mediana de ratos jovens, apesar de não tenha sido evidenciado alterações morfológicas.

Sexo ou gênero? Entendendo a nomenclatura correta em pesquisa / Sex or gender? Understanding the correct nomenclature use on research

Resumo A terminologia "Sexo" e "Gênero" possui importância na área científica, especificamente, na área da saúde. Ainda se observa o uso incorreto dos termos Sexo e Gênero, até mesmo como sinônimos. Esta revisão sistematizada da literatura tem a finalidade de abordar e discutir o uso dos termos "Sexo" e "Gênero" nas pesquisas científicas na área da saúde. As bases de dados Medline/Pubmed, Google Acadêmico, DOSS/EBSCO, BVS/BBO/LILACS foram consultadas em 2022. A estratégia de busca incluiu os termos MeSH: "Sexo, Sexualidade"; "Gênero, Análise de Gênero, Identidade de Gênero"; "Masculino, Homem"; e "Feminino, Mulher". O critério PECO foi articulado para identificar artigos que definiam os termos "Sexo" e "Gênero". Foram recuperados 933 artigos até 2022, sendo 15 incluídos na síntese qualitativa dos resultados nas áreas de Medicina, Odontologia, Psicologia, Sociologia, Enfermagem e Ciências Econômicas, entre 1993 e 2021. Observou-se uma tendência de utilizar "Sexo" ao contexto ortodoxo exclusivo às características sexuais decorrentes da biologia humana. Enquanto, "Gênero" correspondeu à personificação individual de como o participante da pesquisa gostaria de se declarar ao estudo. O uso do termo "Sexo" está associado à biologia humana (macho ou fêmea), ou seja, relacionado às características sexuais. O termo "Gênero¼ refere-se à autopercepção, ao papel social, comportamento e à identidade da pessoa. Dessa forma, estudos que envolvem caraterísticas biológicas (morfológicas, cronológicas, de crescimento e desenvolvimento físicos) deveriam considerar o "Sexo", enquanto estudos de outra natureza, deveriam considerar o "Gênero".(AU)

Abstract The terms "Sex" and "Gender" are important in the scientific area, specifically in the health area. It is still observed the incorrect use of the terms Sex and Gender, even as synonyms. This systematic literature review aims to address and discuss the use of the terms "Sex" and "Gender" in scientific research in the health area. Medline/Pubmed, Google Scholar, DOSS/EBSCO, BVS/BBO/LILACS databases were consulted in 2022. The search strategy included MeSH terms: "Sex, Sexuality"; "Gender, Gender Analysis, Gender Identity"; "Male, Man"; and "Female, Woman". The PECO criteria was articulated to identify articles that defined the terms "Sex" and "Gender". A total of 933 articles were retrieved in 2022, of which 15 were included in the qualitative synthesis of results in the areas of Medicine, Dentistry, Psychology, Sociology, Nursing, and Economic Sciences, between 1993 and 2021. There was a tendency to use "Sex" in the orthodox context exclusive to sexual characteristics arising from human biology. Meanwhile, "Gender" corresponded to the individual personification of how the research participant would like to declare himself /herself to the study. The use of the term "Sex" is associated to the human biology (male or female), that is, related to sexual characteristics. The term "Gender" refers to self-perception, social role, behavior, and to the person identity. Thus, studies involving biological factors (morphological, chronological, physical growth and development) should consider Sex, while studies of another nature should consider Gender (AU)

A reflection on the role of women in Science, Dentistry and Brazilian Orthodontics.

INTRODUCTION: This paper reviews the history of women scientists in the 'Western world', whilst highlighting the persistent socio-structural issues that have led to the hiding and masking of the participation of women in Science. Further, a reflection is made of the situation of Dentistry, specifically in the field of Orthodontics in Brazil. The difference between genders is discussed, with the intention to map the progress of women in management and leadership positions, in both the academic and professional fields. DESCRIPTION: In Brazil, within Dentistry and Orthodontics, despite being in a numerical majority, women are still underrepresented in the area of professional leadership. This is true for Research Groups and Research Productivity; an example being the relatively low authorship of publications in a Brazilian journal of Orthodontics. They are also underrepresented as lead presenters at professional meetings, whilst there are also few female Presidents of professional organizations and associations. CONCLUSION: Despite being in a numerical majority, it is also important that women act in a more co-ordinated and consistent manner to achieve greater representation in these areas. The necessary changes in the structure in order to achieve this are not only of women and for women, but they must also involve the whole of society so that leadership, rights and duties are equally distributed between the genders.

VEGF and FGF-2 Released In Palatal Suture after Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME).

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) have the ability to increase vascular proliferation and permeability. The aim of this study was to quantify the release of two diffusible angiogenic growth factors (VEGF and FGF-2) after rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Thirty animals were randomly assigned to two groups. Control group (5 rats - intact suture) and Experimental groups (25 rats with RME) which were evaluated in different periods of treatment. Five animals were euthanized in different periods of healing at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days after RME. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the gene expression of angiogenic growth factors released on different periods of study. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using ANOVA followed by Tukey test and significance was assumed at a=0.05. RT-PCR showed that mRNAs of VEGF and FGF-2 were expressed in intact palatal suture tissue. mRNAs of VEGF and FGF-2 was upregulated in early periods (24 h) after RME (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). The molecular levels of VEGF never returned to its original baseline values, and FGF-2 expression decreased up to day 5 (p<0.001) and suddenly increased at day 7, returning to its original level. RME increased VEGF secretion, but decreased FGF-2 secretion when compared to intact tissue. The results showed that these angiogenic growth factors are released and regulated in the palatal suture tissue after RME and could make an important contribution to the knowledge of overall reparative response of the suture tissue during the bone remodeling process.

A reflection on the role of women in Science, Dentistry and Brazilian Orthodontics

ABSTRACT Introduction: This paper reviews the history of women scientists in the 'Western world', whilst highlighting the persistent socio-structural issues that have led to the hiding and masking of the participation of women in Science. Further, a reflection is made of the situation of Dentistry, specifically in the field of Orthodontics in Brazil. The difference between genders is discussed, with the intention to map the progress of women in management and leadership positions, in both the academic and professional fields. Description: In Brazil, within Dentistry and Orthodontics, despite being in a numerical majority, women are still underrepresented in the area of professional leadership. This is true for Research Groups and Research Productivity; an example being the relatively low authorship of publications in a Brazilian journal of Orthodontics. They are also underrepresented as lead presenters at professional meetings, whilst there are also few female Presidents of professional organizations and associations. Conclusion: Despite being in a numerical majority, it is also important that women act in a more co-ordinated and consistent manner to achieve greater representation in these areas. The necessary changes in the structure in order to achieve this are not only of women and for women, but they must also involve the whole of society so that leadership, rights and duties are equally distributed between the genders.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou resgatar a história de mulheres cientistas nos principais períodos históricos do mundo ocidental, para realçar a questão socioestrutural persistente que "invisibiliza" e mascara a participação das mulheres na Ciência. A partir disso, realizou-se uma reflexão sobre a situação da Odontologia, especificamente na área de Ortodontia no Brasil, no que tange à diferença de gêneros, com a finalidade de mapear a atuação das mulheres nos cargos de gestão e liderança nos âmbitos acadêmico e profissional. Descrição: No Brasil, na área de Odontologia e Ortodontia, apesar de serem maioria numérica, as mulheres ainda são minoria na liderança de Grupos de Pesquisa, Produtividade em Pesquisa, na autoria de artigos em um periódico nacional da área de Ortodontia, palestrantes de congressos e na presidência de Associações de Classe. Conclusão: Apesar de apresentar maioria numérica, é importante que as mulheres atuem de maneira mais consistente. As mudanças necessárias na estrutura não são apenas da mulher e para a mulher, mas devem envolver toda a sociedade para que direitos e deveres sejam distribuídos de forma igualitária entre os sexos.

Color changes of esthetic elastomeric ligatures evaluated with the Commission Internationale d'Éclairage color system.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess and compare color changes in esthetic elastomeric ligatures after 30 days in situ using a spectrophotometer and the Commission Internationale d'Éclairage (CIE) color system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample comprised elastomeric ligatures of four color groups (n = 42): blue pearl (BP); colorless; white pearl (WP); and pearl. Four samples from each group were allocated in for quadrants of seven patients in a split-mouth model. Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer in the elastomeric ligatures as received (T0) and after 30 days in situ (T1). Variables L*, a*, and b* were compared between times (T1-T0) with Wilcoxon paired ranks; color changes were compared between groups with Kruskal-Wallis test; Dunn's test was used for multiple comparisons. Spearman's correlation was applied between CIELAB and CIEDE2000 calculations. RESULTS: All groups showed color changes (T1-T0) in a* and b*, but only the Group BP had a change in L* (P < 0.01). Group C showed the greatest lightness decrease (ΔL = -2.49 ± 0.47) (P < 0.05), the smallest yellowing (Δb = 3.17 ± 0.88) (P < 0.05), and the smallest total color change (ΔE2000 = 3.19 ± 0.85), which had no statistical difference from Group WP (ΔE2000 = 3.36 ± 0.53). Correlation between ΔEab and ΔE2000 was moderate (r = 0.59; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Esthetic elastomeric ligatures became yellowish after 30 days in situ, and there were color differences between them.

Effect of surface treatment of prefabricated teeth on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

OBJECTIVE:: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of grinding, drilling, sandblasting, and ageing prefabricated teeth (PfT) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets, as well as the effects of surface treatments on the adhesive remnant index (ARI). METHODS:: One-hundred-ninety-two PfT were divided into four groups (n = 48): Group 1, no surface treatment was done; Group 2, grinding was performed with a cylindrical diamond bur; Group 3, two drillings were done with a spherical diamond bur; Group 4, sandblasting was performed with 50-µm aluminum oxide. Before the experiment, half of the samples stayed immersed in distilled water at 37oC for 90 days. Brackets were bonded with Transbond XT and shear strength tests were carried out using a universal testing machine. SBS were compared by surface treatment and by ageing with two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test. ARI scores were compared between surface treatments with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test. RESULTS:: Surface treatments on PfT enhanced SBS of brackets (p< 0.01), result not observed with ageing (p= 0.45). Groups II, III, and IV showed higher SBS and greater ARI than the Group 1 (p< 0.05). SBS was greater in the groups 3 and 4 (drilling, sandblasting) than in the Group 2 (grinding) (p< 0.05). SBS and ARI showed a positive correlation (Spearman's R2= 0.57; p< 0.05). CONCLUSION:: Surface treatment on PfT enhanced SBS of brackets, however ageing did not show any relevance. Sandblasting and drilling showed greater SBS than grinding. There was a positive correlation between SBS and ARI.

Effect of surface treatment of prefabricated teeth on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of grinding, drilling, sandblasting, and ageing prefabricated teeth (PfT) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets, as well as the effects of surface treatments on the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Methods: One-hundred-ninety-two PfT were divided into four groups (n = 48): Group 1, no surface treatment was done; Group 2, grinding was performed with a cylindrical diamond bur; Group 3, two drillings were done with a spherical diamond bur; Group 4, sandblasting was performed with 50-µm aluminum oxide. Before the experiment, half of the samples stayed immersed in distilled water at 37oC for 90 days. Brackets were bonded with Transbond XT and shear strength tests were carried out using a universal testing machine. SBS were compared by surface treatment and by ageing with two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test. ARI scores were compared between surface treatments with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test. Results: Surface treatments on PfT enhanced SBS of brackets (p< 0.01), result not observed with ageing (p= 0.45). Groups II, III, and IV showed higher SBS and greater ARI than the Group 1 (p< 0.05). SBS was greater in the groups 3 and 4 (drilling, sandblasting) than in the Group 2 (grinding) (p< 0.05). SBS and ARI showed a positive correlation (Spearman's R2= 0.57; p< 0.05). Conclusion: Surface treatment on PfT enhanced SBS of brackets, however ageing did not show any relevance. Sandblasting and drilling showed greater SBS than grinding. There was a positive correlation between SBS and ARI.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo in vitro foi avaliar e comparar os efeitos de desgastes, perfurações, jateamento e envelhecimento de dentes pré-fabricados (Dpf) na resistência ao cisalhamento (RC) de braquetes ortodônticos, bem como os efeitos dos tratamentos de superfície no índice de adesivo remanescente (ARI). Métodos: 192 Dpf foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 48): Grupo 1, sem tratamento; Grupo 2, desgaste de sulcos com broca diamantada cilíndrica; Grupo 3, duas perfurações com broca diamantada esférica; e Grupo 4, jateamento com partículas de óxido de alumínio de 50µm. Antes do experimento, metade das amostras ficou imersa em água destilada a 37oC durante 90 dias. Os braquetes foram colados com Transbond XT e os testes de cisalhamento foram realizados com uma máquina universal de ensaios. A RC foi comparada, por tratamento de superfície e por envelhecimento, utilizando-se análise de variância e teste de Tukey. Os escores ARI foram comparados entre os tratamentos de superfície usando o teste Kruskal-Wallis e o teste de Dunn. Resultados: os tratamentos de superfície aumentaram a RC dos braquetes (p < 0,01) e o envelhecimento não aumentou a RC (p = 0,45). Os Grupos 2, 3 e 4 mostraram maior RC e maior ARI do que o Grupo 1 (p < 0,05). A RC foi maior nos Grupos 3 e 4 (perfuração, jateamento) do que no Grupo 2 (desgaste) (p < 0,05). RC e ARI apresentaram correlação positiva (R2 = 0,57; p < 0,05). Conclusão: o tratamento de superfície dos Dpf aumentou a RC dos braquetes; porém, o envelhecimento não foi relevante. O jateamento e a perfuração mostraram maior RC do que o desgaste. Existe uma correlação positiva entre RC e ARI.

Crown and Root Lengths of Impacted Maxillary Central Incisors and Contralateral Teeth Evaluated with Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: To assess and compare the crown and root lengths of impacted maxillary central incisors with contralateral teeth, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: Sample comprised twenty-six patients (15 males, 11 females), ranging from seven to 14 years old, with unilateral impaction of maxillary central incisors. Landmarks demarcation was performed (I) at the root apex, (II) at the incisal edge, and (III) at the midpoint between the buccal and lingual cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Linear measures were taken alongside teeth long axis, with the aid of the software tools. Crown length was considered the distance between the incisal edge and CEJ; and root length was the distance between CEJ and the root apex. Crown and root length measures were obtained in cone beam computed tomography images using the In Vivo® Software. Measurements were compared between the impacted maxillary central incisors and contralateral teeth using paired t-test. Results: Crown and root lengths were statistically shorter (0.56 mm and 3.22 mm, respectively) in the impacted maxillary central incisors when compared to their contralateral teeth (p<0.001). This trend with regard the root length was observed in 25 out of 26 subjects, as well as in 21 subjects with regard the crown length. Conclusion: Decision-making process on the treatment plan for impacted maxillary central incisors must consider that these teeth have in average the crown lengths five per cent shorter and the root lengths 25 per cent shorter than their contralateral teeth.

In vivo evaluation of the genotoxic effects of Hyrax auxiliary orthodontic appliances containing silver-soldered joints.

Auxiliary appliances consisting of silver-soldered joints may be present in the patient's oral cavity for a long time. The aim of this study was to investigate, in vivo, the potential genotoxic effects of Hyrax-type maxillary expanders containing silver-soldered joints on the cells of the buccal mucosa. Buccal cells were collected from 20 patients and processed to perform the buccal comet assay (BCA) and the buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay, to investigate DNA and chromosomal damage, respectively. For the BCA, patients were evaluated before and 14 days after the appliances were installed. For the BMCyt assay, the patients were evaluated longitudinally; before the insertion of the appliance and after one, six, and twelve months. The BCA showed significant increases in damage frequency and damage index in exfoliated buccal cells, following insertion of the appliance. For the BMCyt assay, the endpoints related to cell proliferation, cell death, and chromosomal damage (micronuclei and nuclear buds) resulted in no significant differences over the 12-month study period. In conclusion, the use of orthodontic appliances containing silver-soldered joints can significantly increase DNA damage as measured by the BCA.

Transdisciplinary treatment of Class III malocclusion using conventional implant-supported anchorage: 10-year posttreatment follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: Combined treatment offers advantages for partially edentulous patients. Conventional implants, used as orthodontic anchorage, enable previous orthodontic movement, which provides appropriate space gain for crown insertion. OBJECTIVE: This case report describes the treatment of a 61-year and 10-month-old patient with negative overjet which made ideal prosthetic rehabilitation impossible, thereby hindering dental and facial esthetics. CASE REPORT: After a diagnostic setup, conventional implants were placed in the upper arch to anchor intrusion and retract anterior teeth. Space gain for lateral incisors was achieved in the lower arch by means of an orthodontic appliance. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated planning combining Orthodontics and Implantology provided successful treatment by means of conventional implant-supported anchorage. The resulting occlusal relationship proved stable after 10 years.

Transdisciplinary treatment of Class III malocclusion using conventional implant-supported anchorage: 10-year posttreatment follow-up

INTRODUCTION: Combined treatment offers advantages for partially edentulous patients. Conventional implants, used as orthodontic anchorage, enable previous orthodontic movement, which provides appropriate space gain for crown insertion. OBJECTIVE: This case report describes the treatment of a 61-year and 10-month-old patient with negative overjet which made ideal prosthetic rehabilitation impossible, thereby hindering dental and facial esthetics. CASE REPORT: After a diagnostic setup, conventional implants were placed in the upper arch to anchor intrusion and retract anterior teeth. Space gain for lateral incisors was achieved in the lower arch by means of an orthodontic appliance. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated planning combining Orthodontics and Implantology provided successful treatment by means of conventional implant-supported anchorage. The resulting occlusal relationship proved stable after 10 years. .

INTRODUÇÃO: tratamentos combinados podem oferecer vantagens em casos de edentulismo parcial. O uso de implantes convencionais como ancoragem ortodôntica permite a movimentação ortodôntica prévia, fornecendo os espaços apropriados para inserção das coroas. OBJETIVO: este relato de caso descreve o tratamento de uma paciente, com 61 anos e 10 meses de idade, que possuía um overjet negativo que tornava impossível uma reabilitação protética ideal, comprometendo a estética dentária e facial. RELATO DO CASO: após um setup diagnóstico, os implantes convencionais foram colocados na mandíbula para ancorar a intrusão e retração dos dentes anteriores. Espaços para os incisivos laterais foram abertos na maxila, usando-se aparelho ortodôntico. CONCLUSÕES: o planejamento integrado entre Ortodontia e Implantodontia propiciou um tratamento bem-sucedido, usando implantes convencionais como ancoragem. A relação oclusal obtida apresenta estabilidade 10 anos pós-tratamento. .

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of orthodontic bands with or without silver soldered joints.

Stainless steel bands, with or without silver soldered joints, are routinely used in orthodontics. However, little is known about the toxic biological effects of these appliances. The aims of this study were to evaluate the cytotoxic, cytostatic, genotoxic and DNA damage-inducing effects of non-soldered bands (NSB) and silver soldered bands (SSB) on the HepG2 and HOK cell lines and to quantify the amount of ions released by the bands. The 24-h metallic eluates of NSBs and SSBs were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. An MTT reduction assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity, alkaline and modified comet assays were employed to measure genotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage effects, and cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assays were used to verify DNA damage, cytostasis and cytotoxicity. Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn were detected in SSB medium samples, and Fe and Ni were detected in both the SSB and NSB medium samples. The SSB group induced stronger cytotoxic effects than the NSB group in both evaluated cell lines. NSB and SSB induced genotoxicity as evaluated by comet assays; stronger effects were observed in the SSB group. Both groups induced similar increases in the number of oxidative DNA lesions, as detected by the FPG and Endo III enzymes. Nucleoplasmic bridges, biomarkers of DNA misrepair and/or telomere end fusions, were significantly elevated in the SSB group. The SSB eluates showed higher amounts of Ni and Fe than NSB, and all the quantified ions were detected in SSB eluates, including Cd. The SSB eluates were more cytotoxic and genotoxic than the NSB samples. Based on these results, we propose that other brands, materials and techniques should be further investigated for the future manufacture of orthodontic appliances.